Artificial intelligence: promises, risks and regulation. Something New Under the Sun
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51206/plenario.v1i1.5Keywords:
artificial intelligence, fundamental rights, democracy, labor market, risks, regulationAbstract
This article deals with the benefits and risks of artificial intelligence
(AI). It places AI at the dawn of the IV Industrial Revolution, explains its
essential categories and way of operating. It addresses the benefits brought by this new technology: expansion of human decision-making capacity, automation, research and innovation, medical school and education, among others.
It examines the risks it presents, concerning impacts on the labor market, use for military purposes, dissemination of misinformation and violation of fundamental rights. Finally, it proposes principles for the regulation of AI. The paper demonstrates that AI is a technology with great potential, whose real effects depend on the use we make of it. In such conditions, the law and its operators must look for an institutional design that encourages its positive use and contains its distortion.
Downloads
References
ACEMOGLU, Daron e SIMON, Johnson. Power and progress. N. York, Public Affairs, 2023.
ALVIM, Frederico Franco; ZILIO, Rodrigo López; CARVALHO, Volgane Oliveira. Guerras cognitivas na arena eleitoral: o controle judicial da desinformação. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2023, p. 69.
ANGWIN, Julia; LARSON, Jeff; MATTU, Surya; KIRCHNER, Lauren. Machine Bias: There’s Software Used across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It’s Biased against Blacks. ProPublica, 23 maio 2016.
ARIEL GUSTAVO. Are artificial intelligence courts a discrimination risk? European AI alliance, 31 ago. 2021. Disponível em: https://futurium. ec.europa.eu/en/european-ai-alliance/open-discussion/are-artificialintelligence- courts-discrimination-risk. Acesso em: 3 abr. 2014.
ARIYARATNE, Hasala. ChatGPT and intermediar liability: why section 230 does not and should not protect generative algorithms, p. 4-5, 16 maio 2023. Disponível em: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4422583.
BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Revolução tecnológica, crise da democracia e mudança climática. Revista Estudos Institucionais, v. 5, n. 3, p. 1262, 2019.
BARROSO, Luís Roberto; BARROSO, Luna van Brussel. Democracia, mídias sociais e liberdade de expressão: ódio, mentiras e a busca pela verdade possível. Direitos fundamentais e Justiça, ano 17, n. 49, p. 285-311, jul./dez. 2023.
BARROSO, Luís Roberto; BARROSO, Luna van Brussel. Democracy, Social Media, and Freedom of Expression: Hate, Lies, and the Search for the Possible Truth, Chicago Journal of International Law, v. 24, n. 50, 2023.
BECKETT, Lois; PAUL, Kari. Bargaining for our very existence: why the battle over AI is being fought in Hollywood. The Guardian, 22 jul. 2023. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
BEIGUELMAN, Giselle. Políticas da imagem: vigilância e resistência na dadosfera. São Paulo: Ubu, 2021.
BENDER, Sarah M. L. Algorithmic Elections. Michigan Law Review, v. 121, n. 3, p. 489-522, 2022.
BERGHEL, Hal. Malice Domestic: The Cambridge Analytica Dystopia. Computer, p. 84-89, maio 2018.
BOMMASANI, Richi et al. On the Opportunities and Tasks of Foundation Models. Center for Research on Foundation Models. Stanford University, p. 4-12, 12 jul. 2022.
BRASIL. Câmara dos Deputados. PL 21/2020, iniciativa Deputado Eduardo Bismark, situação: aprovado com alterações no Plenário e remetido ao Senado. Disponível em: https://www.camara.leg.br/propostaslegislativas/2236340. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2024.
BRASIL. Senado Federal. PL 2338/2023, inciativa Senador Rodrigo Pacheco, relator atual Senador Eduardo Gomes, situação: com a relatoria. Disponível em: https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2024.
BROWN, Sara. Machine learning, explained. MIT Management Sloan School. 21 abr. 2021. Disponível em: https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-tomatter/machine-learning-explained?utm_source=mitsloangooglep&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=machinelearnexp&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAtaOtBhCwARIsAN_x-3KnfPNYty2tnOgUTP0F_NMirqdswn7etv0WLC6YxWMNvm3jH1sxEJwaAp0REALw_wcB. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2024.
CACZAN, Luciana. Tetraplégico recupera movimentos após implantar chips de inteligência artificial no cérebro. CNN Brasil, 20 jul. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/tecnologia/tetraplegico-recuperamovimentos-apos-implantar-chips-de-inteligencia-artificial-no-cerebro/. Acesso em: 14 fev. 2024.
CAMPOS MELLO, Patrícia. A máquina do ódio. Companhia das Letras, 2020. CHATGPT. Página Inicial, [20--]. Disponível em: https://chat.openai.com/auth/login. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
CITRON, Danielle; SOLOVE, Daniel J. Privacy Harms. Boston University Law Review, v. 102, p. 793-863, 2022. COECKELBERGH, Mark. Ética na inteligência artificial. Rio de Janeiro: Ubu, 2023.
COX, Joseph. Data Broker Is Selling Location Data of People Who Visit Abortion Clinics. Vice, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7vzjb/location-data-abortion-clinicssafegraph-plannedparenthood. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
DASTIN, Jeffrey. Amazon Scraps Secret AI Recruiting Tool That Showed Bias Against Women, Reuters, 10 out. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight-idUSKCN1MK08G/. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2024.
DAVENPORT, Thomas; KALACOTA, Ravi, The potential for Artificial Intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthcare Journal. v. 6, n. 94, 2019.
DEGLI-ESPOSTI, Sara. La ética de la inteligencia artificial. Madrid: Catarata, 2023.
DILSIZIAN, Steven E.; SIEGEL, Eliot L. Artificial intelligence in medicine and cardiac imaging: harnessing big data and advanced computing to provide personalized medical diagnosis and treatment. Current cardiology reports, v. 16, p. 1-8, 2014. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-013-0441-8. Acesso em: 14 fev. 2024.
DREYFUS, Hubert L.; DREYFUS, Stuart E. Making a Mind Versus Modeling the Brain: Artificial Intelligence Back at a Branchpoint. Dædalus, v. 1, n. 117, p. 15–44, 1988. Disponível em: https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/daedalus/downloads/Daedalus_Wi98_Artificial-Intelligence.pdf. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
DURÃES, Uesley. Reconhecimento facial: erros expõem falta de transparência e viés racista. Uol, 28 abr. 2024. Disponível em: https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2024/04/28/reconhecimentofacial-erros-falta-de-transparencia.htm. Acesso em: 7 maio 2024.
ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA. The New York Times v. Microsoft Corporation, OpenAI Inc., OpenAI LP, OpenAI GP LLC, OpenAI LLC, OpenAI OpCo LLC, OpenAI Global LLC, OAI Corporation, LLC, OpenAI Holdings, LLC. Federal District Court of Manhattan, 27 dez. 2023. Disponível em: https://nytco-assets.nytimes.com/2023/12/NYT_Complaint_Dec2023.pdf. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2024.
EUBANKS, Virgínia. The Allegheny Algorithm. In: EUBANKS, Virgínia. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. Nova Iorque: St. Martin’s Press, 2015. Disponível em: https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:92531b35-dd7b-3c72-8721-ee7781ddb786. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
FILIMOWICZ, Michael. Introduction. In: FILIMOWICZ, Michael. Deep Fakes. Algorithms and Society. New York: Routeledge, 2022, p. X-XI.
FISHER, Max. A máquina do caos. Como as redes sociais reprogramaram nossa mente e nosso mundo. São Paulo: Todavia, 2023.
FREY, Carl B.; OSBOURNE, Michael A. The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?, Future of Humanity Institute, Jan. 2017. Disponível em: accessible through Harvard at https://wwwsciencedirect-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/science/article/pii/S0040162516302244. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2024.
FUTURE OF LIFE. Pause AI Giant experiments: an open letter, 22 mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-aiexperiments/. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2024.
GALAZ, Victor et al. Artificial intelligence, systemic risks, and Sustainability. Technology in Society, v. 67, p. 1-10, set. 2021.
GARCÍA-MATÍN, E. et al. Estimation of energy consumption in machine learning, J. Parallel Distributed. Computing, v. 134, p. 75-88, 2019.
GRYNBAUM, Michael M.; MAC, Ryan. The Times Sues OpenAI and Microsoft Over A.I. Use of Copyrighted Work. The New York Times, 27 dez. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/27/business/media/newyork-times-open-ai-microsoft-lawsuit.html. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2024.
GUADIÁN, Carlos. Cómo va a afectar la Inteligencia Artificial las elecciones en 2024. CludPad, 25 de janeiro de 2024. Disponível em: https://carlosguadian.substack.com/p/como-va-a-afectar-la-inteligencia?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=259698&post_id=141029307&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=4n36v&utm_medium=email. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2024.
HACKER, Philipp; ENGEL, Andreas; MAUER, Marco. Regulating ChatGPT and Other Large Generative Models. Working Paper. ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 12 maio 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594067. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2023. HAO, Karen. What is machine learning? MIT Technology Review, 17 nov. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/11/17/103781/what-is-machine-learning-we-drew-you-another-flowchart/. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2024.
HARARI, Yuval Noah. You can have the blue pill or the red pill, and we are out of blue pills. New York Times, 24 mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/24/opinion/yuval-harari-ai-chatgpt.html. Acesso em: 28 maio 2024.
HARARI, Yuval. Yuval Noah Harari argues that AI has hacked the operating system of human civilisation. The Economist, 28 abr. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2023/04/28/yuval-noah-harariargues-that-ai-has-hacked-the-operating-system-of-human-civilisation?dclid=CP691aS5kYMDFaWNrAId4O0GXA&utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=19495686130&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwupGyBhBBEiwA0UcqaHf0aSx4CKaU2YdHw_bw_3ep3pJdU9e8T4cykjwu-Y6E9eI6yr7OPxoCvEUQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds. Acesso: 31 mar. 2024.
HARMS, William. Meeting online leads to happier, more enduring marriages. UChicago News, 3 jun. 2013.
HEAVEN, Will Douglas. Predictive Policing is Still Racist—Whatever Data it Uses, MIT Technology Review, 5 fev. 2021, https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/02/05/1017560/predictive-policing-racist-algorithmic-bias-datacrime-predpol. Acesso em: 7 maio 2024.
HEAWOOD, Jonathan. Pseudo-public political speech: Democratic implications of the Cambridge Analytica scandal. Information Polity, v. 23, p. 429-434, 2018.
HERE.AFTER. Your stories and voice: forever, [20--]. Página inicial. Disponível em: https://www.hereafter.ai/. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
HOROWITZ, Jason. Who Will Take Care of Italy’s Older People? Robots, Maybe. The New York Times, 25 mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/25/world/europe/who-will-take-care-of-italys-olderpeople-robots-maybe.html. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
HORTA, Ricardo Lins. Por que existem vieses cognitivos na tomada de decisão judicial? A contribuição da psicologia e das neurociências para o debate jurídico. Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas, v. 9, n. 3, dez. 2019, p. 85-122. HUQ, Aziz. Constitutional Rights in the Machine Learning State. Cornell Law Review, v. 105, 2020. Disponível em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3613282. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2024.
HUTSON, Matthew. Can we stop runway A.I.? Technologists warn about the dangers of the so-called singularity. But can anything actually be done to prevent it? The New Yorker, 16 maio 2023. Disponível em: https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-artificial-intelligence/can-we-stop-thesingularity. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2024.
INNER CIRCLE. Você tá a 1 clique de conhecer o crush dos seus sonhos. Página Inicial. Disponível em: https://m.theinnercircle.co/?utm_campaign=brbrand2&campaignid=14801829816&source=google&medium=cpc&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAkp6tBhB5EiwANTCx1P65xV0LpMJQ_D8-3aqirg454qwI6ddMMISOgOY1f3C-eQjON337DBoCOicQAvD_BwE. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
JACKSON, Vicki C. Knowledge Institutions in Constitutional Democracy: reflections on “the press”, Journal of Media Law, v. 14, n. 2, 2022.
JONES, Elliot. Explainer: What is a foundation model? Ada Lovelace Institute, 17 jul. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/resource/foundation-models-explainer/#table1. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2024.
KAKUTANI, Michiko. A morte da verdade. Notas sobre a mentira na era Trump. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2018.
KATYAL, Sonia K. Democracy and Distrust in an Era of Artificial Intelligence. Daedalus, n. 151, v. 2, p. 322–334, 2022.
KEYNES, John Maynard. Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, 1930. Disponível em: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/files/content/upload/Intro_and_Section_I.pdf. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2024.
KISSINGER, Henry A.; SCHMIDT, Eric; HUTTENLOCHER, Daniel. A era da IA. Rio de Janeiro: Alta Books, 2023.
KISSINGER, Henry A.; SCHMIDT, Eric; HUTTENLOCHER, Daniel. The age of AI and our human future. Nova York: Little, Brown and Company, 2021.
KISSINGER, Henry, SCHMIDT, Eric Schmidt e HUTTENLOCHER, Daniel. ChatGPT Heralds an Intellectual Revolution. Wall Street Journal, 24 fev. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.wsj.com/articles/chatgpt-heralds-an-intellectualrevolution-enlightenment-artificial-intelligence-homo-technicustechnology-cognition-morality-philosophy-774331c6. Acesso em: 21 maio 2024. KLARE, Michael T. UN to address autonomous weapons systems. Arms Control Association, dez. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2023-12/news/un-address-autonomous-weapons-systems. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.
LARSON, Jeff et al. How We Analyzed the Compas Recidivism Algorithm. ProPublica, 23 maio 2016. Disponível em: https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2024.
LEE, Kai-Fu. Inteligência artificial. Como os robôs estão mudando o mundo, a forma como amamos, nos relacionamentos, trabalhamos e vivemos. Rio de Janeiro: Globo Livros, 2019.
LENHARO, Mariana. AI consciousness: scientists say we urgently need answers. Nature, 21 dez. 2023.
LOHR, Steve. Generative A.I.’s Biggest Impact Will Be in Banking and Tech, Report Says. The New York Times, 1 fev. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/01/business/ai-impact-jobs.html?unlocked_article_code=1.SE0.-W1k.6YLx1J6GM3Uc&smid=wa-share. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2024.
MAHESHWARI, Sapha. A.I. Fuels a New Era of Product Placement. The New York Times. The New York Times, 1 fev. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/01/business/media/artificial-intelligence-productplacement.html?unlocked_article_code=1.SE0.p-JV.iFEjWlI2qW-4&smid=washare. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2024.
MAKHNOUMI, Ali. How AI Could Potentially Manipulate Consumers. Duke Fuqua School of Business, 10 jan. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.fuqua.duke.edu/duke-fuqua-insights/how-ai-could-potentially-manipulateconsumers. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2024.
MANYIKA, James. Getting AI right: Introductory notes on AI & society. Daedalus, v. 151, n. 2, p. 5-27, 2022.
MCCARTHY, John; MINSKY, Marvin L.; ROCHESTER, Nathaniel; SHANNON, Claude E. A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. 31 ago. 1955. Disponível em: http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxa/dart564props.pdf. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
MELLO, Patrícia Perrone Campos Mello; RUDOLF, Renata H. S. B. A. Redes Sociais e Democracia: Disrupção Tecnológica, Erosão Democrática e Novas Perspectivas. In: FRANÇA, Eduarda Peixoto da Cunha; CASIMIRO, Matheus (Org.). Direito e Política: Um Diálogo Possível? Londrina: THOTH Editora, p. 53-78, 2023.
MINDBANK.AI go beyond. Duplicate yourself with a personal digital twin, [20--]. Página inicial. Disponível em: https://www.mindbank.ai/. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
MINOW, Martha. Saving the Press: Why the constitution calls for government action to preserve freedom of speech. Oxford University Press, 2021. MOHAMMAD, Shabina; JAN, Raghad A.; ALSAEDI, Saba L. Symptons, Mechanisms, and Treatments of Video Game Addiction. Cureus, v. 15, n. 3, 31, mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10065366/#:~:text=Video%20game%20addiction%20is%20defined,in%20many%20aspects%20of%20life. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2024.
MOROZOV, Evgeny. Big Tech: a ascensão dos dados e a morte da política. São Paulo: Ubu, 2018.
MORRISON, Sara. This outed priest’s story is a warning for everyone about the need for data privacy laws. Vox, 21 jul. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.vox.com/recode/22587248/grindr-app-location-data-outed-priest-jeffreyburrill-pillar-data-harvesting. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2024.
MUÑOZ VELA, José Manuel. Retos, riesgos, responsabilidad y regulación de la inteligencia artificial. Un enfoque de seguridad física, lógica, moral y jurídica. Pamplona: Arazandi, 2022.
NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Chief Executives Board for Coordination. Principles for the Ehical Use of Artificial Intelligence in the United Nations System, 20 set. 2022. Disponível em: https://unsceb.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/Principles%20for%20the%20Ethical%20Use%20of%20AI%20in%20the%20UN%20System_1.pdf. Acesso em: 15 maio 2024.
NUNES, Dierle José Coelho; ANDRADE, Otávio Morato de. O uso da inteligência artificial explicável enquanto ferramenta para compreender decisões automatizadas: possível caminho para aumentar a legitimidade e confiabilidade de modelos algorítmicos? Revista Eletrônica do Curso de Direito da UFSM, v. 18, n. 1, 2023.
OBERMEYER, Ziad et al. Dissecting Racial Bias in an Algorithm Used to Manage the Health of Populations. Science, 25 out. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aax2342. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2024.
OCDE. Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD/LEGAL/0449, 2019. Disponível em: https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/documents/g20-ai-principles. Acesso em: 13 fev. 2024.
OECD. Opportunities, guidelines and guardrails for effective and equitable use of AI in education. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/Opportunities,%20guidelines%20and%20guardrails%20for%20effective%20and%20equitable%20use%20of%20AI%20in%20education.pdf. Acesso em: 31 mar. 2024.
PASQUALE, Frank. The Black BoX Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016. E-book.
PAUWELS, Eleonore. Artificial Intelligence and Data Capture Technologies in Violence and Conflict Prevention. Global Center on Cooperative Security: Policy Brief, set. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.globalcenter.org/wpcontent/uploads/GCCS_AIData_PB_H-1.pdf. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2024.
PODER 360. Google inclui texto contra PL da fake news na página inicial do buscador. Big tech exibe link para artigo nomeado “PL das fake news pode aumentar a confusão entre o que é verdade ou mentira no Brasil”, 1 maio 2023b. Disponível em: https://www.poder360.com.br/tecnologia/googleinclui-texto-contra-pl-das-fake-news-na-home-do-buscador/. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2024.
PODER 360. PL das fake news dá “poderes de censura” ao governo, diz Telegram, 9 maio 2023a. Disponível em: https://www.poder360.com.br/tecnologia/pldas-fake-news-da-poderes-de-censura-ao-governo-diz-telegram/. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2024.
PORTO, Fábio Ribeiro; ARAÚJO, Walter Shuenquener; e GABRIEL, Inteligência Artificial generativa no Direito, 2024. (mimeo).
PRADO, Michelle. Tempestade ideológica. Bolsonarismo: a altright e o populismo iliberal no Brasil. São Paulo: Todos Livros, 2023. RAMIREZ, Vanessa Bates. Grief tech uses AI to give you (and your loved ones) digital immorality. Singularity hub, 16 ago. 2023. Disponível em: https://singularityhub.com/2023/08/16/grief-tech-uses-ai-to-give-you-andyour-loved-ones-digital-immortality/.Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
RAMONET, Ignacio. La era del conspiracionismo: Trump, el culto a la mentira y el asalto al Capitolio. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2022.
RE, Richard M.; SOLOW-NIEDERMAN, Alicia. Developing Artificially Intelligent Justice. Stan. Tech. L. Rev., n. 22, p. 242-289, 2019.
REBOLLO DELGADO, Clicerio. Inteligencia artificial y derechos fundamentales. Madrid: Dykinson, 2023.
REINO UNIDO. Hight Copurt of Justice Business and Property Courts of England and Wales. EWHC 30390. Getty Images (US) Inc, Getty Images International UC, Letty Images UK Limited, Getty Images Devco UK Limited, Istockphoto LP, Thomas M Barwick Ink v. Stability AI Ltd. Case No. IL-2023-000007, 1 dez. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24183636-getty-images-v-stability-ai-uk-ruling. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2024.
REZENDE, Constança. PF conclui que Google e Telegram agiram de modo abusivo contra PL das Fake News. Empresas, que lançaram ofensiva contra projeto no ano passado, negam irregularidades. Folha de São Paulo, 31 jan. 2024. Disponível em: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2024/01/pf-conclui-que-google-e-telegram-agiram-de-modo-abusivo-contra-pl-dasfake-news.shtml?utm_source=sharenativo&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=sharenativo. Acesso em: 31 jan. 2024.
RUSSEL, Stuart; PERSET, Karine; MARKO, Grobelnik. Updates to the OECD’s definition of an AI system explained. OCDE AI: policy observatory, 29 nov. 2023. Disponível em: https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/ai-system-definition-update. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
RUSSELL, Stuart. Inteligência artificial a nosso favor. Como manter o controle sobre a tecnologia. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 2021.
SCHICK, Nina. Deep Fakes and the Infocalypse. What You Urgently Need do Know.London: Monoray, 2020, p. 11.
SCHMIDT, Albrecht. Augmenting Human Intellect and Amplifying Perception and Cognition. IEEE Pervasive Computing, v. 16, n. 1, p. 6-10, jan./mar. 2017.
SHEDDEN, David. Today in Media History: Mr. Dooley: ‘The job of the newspaper is to comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable’. Poynter, 7 out. 2014. Disponível em: https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2014/today-in-media-history-mr-dooley-the-job-of-the-newspaper-is-to-comfortthe-afflicted-and-afflict-the-comfortable/. Acesso em: 7 maio 2024.
SILBERG, Jake; MANYIKA, James. Notes from the AI Frontier: Tackling Bias in AI (and in Humans). McKinsey Global Institute, jun. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.mckinsey.com/featuredinsights/artificial-intelligence/tacklingbias-in-artificial-intelligence-and-in-humans#. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
SUNSTEIN, Cass R. Governing by algorithm? No noise and (potentially) less bias. Duke Law Journal, v. 71, n. 6, p. 1175–1206, 2022.
TAMBIAMA, Madiega. Briefing: EU Legislation in Progress. Artificial Intelligence Act. EPRA – European Parliamentary Research Service, jun. 2023.
TAULLI, Tom. Introdução à Inteligência Artificial. Uma abordagem não técnica. São Paulo: Novatec, 2020.
THE FEED. ChatGPT witnesses massive rise, chatbot gains 100 million users in two months. Economic Times, 5 mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/chatgptwitnesses-massive-rise-chatbot-gains-100-million-users-in-two-months/articleshow/98428443.cms?from=mdr. Acesso: 31 mar. 2024.
TINDER. Página Inicial, [20--]. Disponível em: https://tinder.com/pt. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
TROPIANO, Dolores. More internet marriages are leading to happy marriages. Arizona State University News, 20 jan. 2023. Disponível em: https://news.asu.edu/20230119-university-news-more-internet-matches-areleading-happy-marriages. Acesso em: 31 mar. 2024.
TUFEKCI, Zeynep. We need to take our privacy back. The New York Times, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/19/opinion/privacytechnology-data.html. Acesso em: 17 jan. 2024.
UNESCO. AI and education: a guide for policy makers. 2021. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000376709&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_761bcdad-d1e3-40c9-819d-03c4ac725f26%3F_%3D376709eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000376709/PDF/376709eng.pdf#AI%20in%20education_pages.indd%3A.14084%3A1005. Acesso em: 31 mar. 2024.
UNESCO. Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence, 23 nov. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/recommendation-ethicsartificial-intelligence. Acesso em: 13 fev. 2024.
UNESCO. Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence, 2021. Disponível em: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380455#:~:text=AI%20actors%20and%20Member%20States,law%2C%20in%20particular%20Member%20States'. Acesso em: 26 mar. 2024.
UNIÃO EUROPEIA. Comissão Europeia. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Quarterly R&I literature review: The impact of AI on R&I, n. Q2, 11 jul. 2023a.
UNIÃO EUROPEIA. Conselho da Europa. Artificial Intelligence and Electoral Integrity. Concept Paper, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.coe.int/en/web/electoral-management-bodies-conference/concept-paper-2022. Acesso em: 21 abr. 2024.
UNIÃO EUROPEIA. EU Artificial Intelligence Act, 2024. Disponível: https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/the-act/. Acesso em: 15 maio 2024.
UNIÃO EUROPEIA. European Commission. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonized rules in Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending certain Union Legislative Acts, 21 abr. 2021. Disponível: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52021PC0206. Acesso em: 15 maio 2024.
UNIÃO EUROPEIA. Parlamento Europeu. Artificial Intelligence Act: deal on comprehensive rules for trustworthy AI, 12 set. 2023b. Disponível em: https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/the-act/. Acesso em: 14 fev. 2024.
URUEÑA, René. Regulating the Algorithmic Welfare State in Latin America. Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law & International Law (MPIL). Research Paper No. 2023-27, 20 dez. 2023.
UUK, Risto; GUTIERREZ, Carlos Ignacio; TAMKIN, Alex. Operationalising the Definition of General Purpose AI Systems: Assessing Four Approaches. Working Paper. Stanford University, 1 jun. 2023.
VERMA, Pranshu. The never-ending quest to predict crime using AI. The Washington Post, 15 jul. 2022. VINCENT, Jame. Getty Images is suing the creators of AI art tool Stable Difusion for scraping its content. The Verge, 17 jan. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/17/23558516/ai-art-copyright-stablediffusion-getty-images-lawsuit. Acesso em: 12 fev. 2024.
VLACHOS, Scott. The link between mis-, dis-, and malinformation and domestic extremism. Council for Emerging National Security Affairs, June 2022. Disponível em: MDM_22.617b.pdf (censa.net). Acesso: 21 abr. 2024.
WEBB, Michael. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market, 6 nov.2019. Disponível em: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3482150. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2024.
WILLIAMS, Matthew. A ciência do ódio. Rio de Janeiro: Globo Livros, 2021, p. 207.
WINSTON, Patrick Henry. Artificial intelligence desmystified. Minuta de 30 set. 2018. (mimeo).
ZUBOFF, Shoshana. Surveillance Capitalism or Democracy? The Death Match of Institutional Orders and Politics of Knowledge in Our Information Civilization. Organization Theory, v. 3, p. 1-79, 2022.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Plenary – Brazilian Chamber of Deputies Law Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
